domingo, 3 de marzo de 2013

Mozart and scatology

موزارت وعلم البراز
莫扎特和粪便学


Reproduction of the original manuscript of Mozart's canon "Difficile Lectu". The words "lectu mihi mars" were intended to be heard as "Leck du mich im Arsch", for which a relatively polite English rendering is "kiss my arse".







Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart displayed scatological humor in his letters and a few recreational compositions. This material has long been a puzzle for Mozart scholarship. One view held by scholars deals with the scatology by seeking an understanding of the role of it in Mozart's family, his society and his times, while another view holds that such humor was the result of an "impressive list"[1] of psychiatric conditions from which Mozart is claimed to have suffered.

Contents

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[edit]Examples


Self portrait in pencil of Maria Anna Thekla Mozart, from 1777 or 1778
A letter of 5 November 1777 to Mozart's cousinMaria Anna Thekla Mozart is an example of Mozart's use of scatology. The German original[2]is in rhymed verse.
Well, I wish you good night
But first shit into your bed and make it burst.
Sleep soundly, my love
Into your mouth your arse you'll shove.[3]
Mozart's canon "Leck mich im Arsch" K. 231 (K6382c) includes the lyrics:
Leck mich im A[rsch] g'schwindi, g'schwindi!
This would be translated into English as "lick me in the arse/ass,[4] quickly, quickly!" "Leck mich im Arsch" is a standard vulgarism in German;[5] its closest English counterpart is "Kiss my arse/ass."

[edit]Context

David Schroeder writes:
The passage of time has created an almost unbridgeable gulf between ourselves and Mozart's time, forcing us to misread his scatological letters even more drastically than his other letters. Very simply, these letters embarrass us, and we have tried to suppress them, trivialize them, or explain them out of the epistolary canon with pathological excuses.[6]
For example, when Margaret Thatcher was apprised of Mozart's scatology during a visit to the theater to seePeter Shaffer's famous play Amadeus, director Peter Hall relates: "She was not pleased. In her best headmistress style, she gave me a severe wigging for putting on a play that depicted Mozart as a scatological imp with a love of four-letter words. It was inconceivable, she said, that a man who wrote such exquisite and elegant music could be so foul mouthed". I said that Mozart's letters proved he was just that: he had an extraordinarily infantile sense of humour ... "I don't think you heard what I said," replied the Prime Minister. "He couldn't have been like that." I offered (and sent) a copy of Mozart’s letters toNumber Ten the next day; I was even thanked by the appropriate Private Secretary. But it was useless: the Prime Minister said I was wrong, so wrong I was." Source: Hall's preface to Amadeus (Shaffer 1981).

[edit]Letters

Benjamin Simkin, an endocrinologist,[7] estimates that 39 of Mozart's letters include scatological passages. Almost all of these are directed to Mozart's own family, specifically his father Leopold, his mother Anna Maria, his sister Nannerl, and his cousin Maria Anna Thekla Mozart. According to Simkin, Leopold, Anna Maria, and Nannerl also included scatological humor in their own letters.[8] Thus, Anna Maria wrote to her husband (26 September 1777; original is in rhyme):
Addio, ben mio. Keep well, my love.
Into your mouth your arse you'll shove.
I wish you good night, my dear,
But first shit in your bed and make it burst.[9]
Even the relatively straight-laced Leopold used a scatological expression in one letter.[10]
Several of Mozart's scatological letters were written to his cousin (and probable love interest, according to Solomon)[11] Maria Anna Thekla Mozart; these are often called the "Bäsle letters", after the German wordBäsle, a diminutive form meaning "little cousin". In these letters, written after Mozart had spent a pleasant two weeks with his cousin in her native Augsburg,[12]the scatology is combined with word play and sexual references. Robert Spaethling's rendered translation of part of a letter Mozart sent from MannheimNovember 5, 1777:
Deares cozz buzz!
I have received reprieved your highly esteemed writing biting, and I have noted doted thy my uncle garfuncle, my aunt slant, and you too, are all well mell. We, too thank god, are in good fettle kettle ... You write further, indeed you let it all out, you expose yourself, you let yourself be heard, you give me notice, you declare yourself, you indicate to me, you bring me the news, you announce unto me, you state in broad daylight, you demand, you desire, you wish, you want, you like, you command that I, too, should could send you my Portrait. Eh bien, I shall mail fail it for sure. Oui, by the love of my skin, I shit on your nose, so it runs down your chin...[13]
One of the letters Mozart wrote to his father while visiting Augsburg reports an encounter Mozart and his cousin had with a priest named Father Emilian:
[He was] an arrogant ass and a simple-minded little wit of his profession ... finally when he was a little drunk, which happened soon, he started on about music. He sang a canon, and said: I have never in my life heard anything more beautiful ... He started. I took the third voice, but I slipped in an entirely different text: 'P[ater] E: o du schwanz, leck mich im arsch' ["Father Emilian, oh you prick, lick me in the ass"]. Sotto voce, to my cousin. Then we laughed together for another half hour.[14]

[edit]Music

Mozart's scatological music was recreational and shared among friends. All of it takes the form ofcanons (rounds), in which each voice enters with the same words and music following a delay after the previous voice.

[edit]Reactions of family and friends

In 1798, Constanze sent her late husband's Bäsle letters to the publishers Breitkopf & Härtel, who at the time were gathering material in hopes of preparing a Mozart biography.[15] In the accompanying letter she wrote "Although in dubious taste, the letters to his cousin are full of wit and deserve mentioning, although they cannot of course be published in their entirety."[16]

[edit]In the 18th century


Gottfried Prehauser, an actor of 18th century Vienna, playing Hanswurst
Schroeder (1999) suggests that in the 18th century it was far more public and "mainstream". The German-language popular theater of Mozart's time was influenced by the Italian commedia dell'arte and emphasized the stock character ofHanswurst, a coarse and robust character who would entertain his audience by pretending to eat large and unlikely objects (for instance, a whole calf), then defecating them.[17]
Schroeder suggests a political underlay to the scatology in popular theater: its viewers lived under a system of hereditary aristocracy that excluded them from political participation. The vulgarity of scatological popular theater was a counterpoint to the refined culture imposed from above.[18] One of Mozart's own letters describes aristrocrats in scatological terms; he identified the aristocrats present at a concert in Augsburg (1777) as "the Duchess Smackarse, the Countess Pleasurepisser, the Princess Stinkmess, and the two Princes Potbelly von Pigtail".[19]

[edit]In German culture

The folklorist and cultural anthropologist Alan Dundessuggested that interest in or tolerance for scatological matters is a specific trait of German national culture, one which is retained to this day:[20]
In German folklore, one finds an inordinate number of texts concerned with anality. Scheisse (shit), Dreck (dirt), Mist (manure), Arsch (ass), and other locutions are commonplace. Folksongs, folktales, proverbs, folk speech—all attest to the Germans' longstanding special interest in this area of human activity. I am not claiming that other peoples of the world do not express a healthy concern for this area, but rather that the Germans appear to be preoccupied with such themes. It is thus not so much a matter of difference as it is of degree.[21]
Dundes (1984) provides ample coverage of scatological humor in Mozart, but also cites scatological texts from Martin Luther, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Heinrich Heine, and other luminaries of German culture. Karhausen (1993) asserts that "Scatology was common in Mitteleuropa, [central Europe]" noting for instance that Mozart's Salzburg colleague Michael Haydn also wrote a scatological canon.[22]
Some of the phrases used by Mozart in his scatological material were not original with him but were part of the folklore and culture of his day: Mieder (2003) describes the Bäsle letters as involving "Mozart's intentional play with what is for the most part preformulated folk speech."[23] An example given by Robert Spaethling is the folkloric origin of a phrase seen above, "Gute Nacht, scheiss ins Bett dass' Kracht," erroneously claimed by Spaethling to be a "children's rhyme that is still current in south German language areas today."[24] Likewise, when Mozart sang to Aloysia Weber the words "Leck mich das Mensch im Arsch, das mich nicht will" ("The one who doesn't want me can lick my ass") on the occasion of being romantically rejected by her, he was evidently singing an existing folk tune, not a song of his own invention.[25]

[edit]Medical accounts

See also: Sociological and cultural aspects of Tourette syndrome#Speculation about notable individuals
An early 20th century observer who suspected that Mozart's scatological materials could be interpreted by psychological pathologies was the Austrian writerStefan Zweig, who amassed a large collection of musical manuscripts. His collection included the Bäsle letters (at the time, unpublished) as well as the autographs of Mozart's scatological canons Difficile lectu and O du eselhafter Peierl.[26] Zweig sent copies of the Bäsle letters to the celebrated psychiatristSigmund Freud with the following suggestion:
These nine letters ... throw a psychologically very remarkable light on his erotic nature, which, more so than any other important man, has elements ofinfantilism and coprophilia. It would actually be a very interesting study for one of your pupils.[27]
Freud apparently declined Zweig's suggestion. As Schroeder notes, later psychobiographers seized on the letters as evidence for psychopathological tendencies in Mozart.[28]
Some authors in the 1990s interpreted the material as evidence that Mozart had Tourette syndrome (TS).[29]Simkin catalogued the scatological letters and compared their frequencies with similar vulgarisms from other members of Mozart's family—they are far more frequent. The scatological materials were combined by Simkin with biographical accounts from Mozart's own time that suggested that Mozart suffered from the tics characteristic of Tourette syndrome.[30]His claim was picked up by newspapers worldwide, causing an international sensation, and internet websites have fueled the speculation.[31]
While often discussed, the Mozart/Tourette hypothesis has failed to sway mainstream opinion on this issue. Indeed, Kammer (2007) states that the work proposing the hypothesis has been "promptly and harshly" criticized.[1] The critical commentary asserts both medical misdiagnosis and errors of Mozart scholarship.[32] Kammer concluded that "Tourette’s syndrome is an inventive but implausible diagnosis in the medical history of Mozart". Evidence of motor tics was found lacking and the notion that involuntary vocal tics are transferred to the written form was labeled "problematic".[1] Neurologist and author Oliver Sackspublished an editorial disputing Simkin's claim,[33] and the Tourette Syndrome Association pointed out the speculative nature of this information.[31] No Tourette's syndrome expert or organization has voiced concurrence that there is credible evidence to conclude that Mozart had Tourette's.[34] One TS specialist stated that, "although some web sites list Mozart as an individual who had Tourette's and/orOCD, it's not clear from the descriptions of his behavior that he actually had either."[35]

[edit]Scatological materials

[edit]In letters

See also: Bölzlschiessen and Maria Anna Thekla Mozart
Benjamin Simkin's compilation lists scatological letters by Mozart to the following individuals:[citation needed]

[edit]In music

See also: List of concert arias, songs and canons by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
The canons were first published after Mozart's death with bowdlerized lyrics;[citation needed] for instance "Leck mir den Arsch fein rein" ("Lick me in the arse nice and clean") became "Nichts labt mich mehr als Wein" ("Nothing refreshes me more than wine"). In some cases, only the first line of the original scatological lyrics is preserved. The following list is ordered by Köchel catalog number. Voices and conjectured dates are from Zaslaw and Cowdery (1990:101–105); and links marked "score" lead to the online edition of the Neue Mozart Ausgabe.
  • Leck mich im Arsch, "Lick me in the arse," K. 231 (K6 382c), for six voices. (Score). Composed some time in the 1780s. First published as "Lass froh uns sein" ("Let us be joyful").
  • Leck mir den Arsch fein recht schön sauber, "Lick my arse right well and clean," K. 233 (K6 382d). (Score). First published as "Nichts labt mich mehr als Wein" ("Nothing pleases me more than wine"). The music of this canon was once thought to be by Mozart but was shown in 1988 by Wolfgang Plath to be by Wenzel Trnka, originally to the Italian words "Tu sei gelosa, è vero".[36] As the editors of the Neue Mozart Ausgabe note, the work almost certainly should be considered a work of Mozart's, but as the author of the lyrics rather than as the composer.[37]
  • "Bei der Hitz im Sommer eß ich ("In the heat of summer I eat"), K. 234 (K6 382e). (Score). As with K. 233, the music is not by Mozart; originally it was the canon "So che vanti un cor ingrato" by Wenzel Trnka.[citation needed]
  • "Gehn wir im Prater, gehn wir in d' Hetz," K. 558, for four voices. (Score). 1788 or earlier.
  • Difficile lectu mihi Mars, K. 559, for three voices. (Score). Ca. 1786–1787.
  • O du eselhafter Peierl, ("Oh, you asinine Peierl") for four voices, K. 560a. (Score). Ca. 1786–1787. A slightly revised version, "O du eselhafter Martin" is catalogued as K. 560b.
  • Bona nox ("Good night") K. 561, for four voices. (Score). 1788 or earlier.

[edit]Notes

  1. ^ a b c Kammer, Thomas (2007) Mozart in the Neurological Department – Who Has the Tic? In J. Bogousslavsky and Hennerici M. G.(eds.),Neurological Disorders in Famous Artists - Part 2. Frontiers in Neurology and Neurosciences, Vol. 22. Basel: Karger, pp. 184–192. Available on line at [1]
  2. ^ "lezt wünsch ich eine gute nacht/scheissen sie ins bett dass es kracht/schlafens gesund/reckens den arsch zum mund"; Dundes (1984:66)
  3. ^ Text and translation from Dundes (1984:66)
  4. ^ "Arse" is British English, "ass" is American.
  5. ^ Dundes (1984:42–48)
  6. ^ Schoeder (1999:133)
  7. ^ Simkin, Benjamin. Medical and Musical Byways of Mozartiana. Fithian Press. Retrieved on 28 October 2006.
  8. ^ Simkin (1992, 1563) lists one letter containing scatological humor from each of Leopold and Nannerl; and from Anna Maria, one, and another which appears in Anderson (1938:425).
  9. ^ Translation from Anderson (1938, 404). The German original reads: "adio ben mio, leb gesund / Reck den arsch zum mund. / Ich winsch ein guete nacht / Scheiss ins beth das Kracht."
  10. ^ This was "to shit oranges", meaning approximately "to get upset," using in a letter written from Italy in 1770; Mieder (2003:45)
  11. ^ For a discussion of the evidence that Mozart and his cousin were in love, see Solomon (1996:161–166).
  12. ^ Schroeder (1999:87–89)
  13. ^ Spaethling (2000:87). The original reads "Ich habe dero mir so werthes schreiben richtig erhalten falten, und daraus ersehen drehen, daß der H: vetter retter, die fr: baaß has, und sie wie, recht wohl auf sind hind; wir sind auch gott lob und danck recht gesund hund. ... sie schreiben noch ferners, ja, sie lassen sich heraus, sie geben sich blos, sie lassen sich verlauten, sie machen mir zu wissen, sie erklären sich, sie deüten mir an, sie benachrichtigen mir, sie machen mir kund, sie geben deütlich am tage, sie verlangen, sie begehren, sie wünschen, sie wollen, sie mögen, sie befehlen, daß ich ihnen auch mein Portrait schicken soll schroll. Eh bien, ich werde es ihnen gewis schicken schlicken. Oui, par ma la foi, ich scheiss dir auf d'nasen, so, rinds dir auf d'koi."
  14. ^ Translation from Schroeder (1999:135)
  15. ^ Solomon (1996:500)
  16. ^ Abert (2008:1360)
  17. ^ Schroeder (1999:128)
  18. ^ Schroeder (1999:127–130)
  19. ^ English rendering from Schroeder (1999:135). The original German reads "Ducheße arschbömerl, die gräfin brunzgern, die fürstin richzumtreck, und die 2 Princzen Mußbauch von Sauschwanz".
  20. ^ Mozart's nationality was, strictly speaking, that of the Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg. His letters indicate he felt his nationality to be German (see e.g. his letter to his father of 17 August 1782; Mersman (1972:204)); this was natural in a time when the territory comprising modern Austria and Germany was a patchwork of mostly small nation-states.
  21. ^ Dundes (1984:9)
  22. ^ Karhausen (1993). Haydn's canon was entitled "Scheiss nieder, armer Sünder", which Karhausen renders as "Shit fast, poor sinner.".
  23. ^ Mieder (2003:50)
  24. ^ Spaethling (2000:18). As Spaethling notes, the rhyme also appears in Mozart's canon Bona nox, and in an Italian translation ("cacate nel letto che egli fà fracasso") is found a 1770 letter to his mother and sister written in Italy.
  25. ^ See Solomon (1996:169, 552), citing Blümml.
  26. ^ Searle (1986)
  27. ^ Quoted from Schroeder (1999:127)
  28. ^ Schroeder (1999:127)
  29. ^ Gunne, L.M. (1991) Hade Mozart Tourettes syndrom? Läkartidningen 88: 4325-4326. [cited in Kammer 1983]
    * Fog, R. (1995) Mozart’s bizarre verbal behavior: a case of Tourette syndrome? Maledicta 11:59-62. [cited in Kammer 1983]
    * Fog, R. and L. Regeur (1983) Did W.A. Mozart suffer from Tourette’s syndrome? World Congress of Psychiatry, Vienna. [cited in Kammer 1983]
    * Schaub, S. (1994) Mozart und das Tourette-Syndrom. Acta Mozartiana 41: 15-20. [cited in Kammer 1983].
  30. ^ Simkin, Benjamin (1992) Mozart's scatological disorder. BMJ 305: 1563-7. Available on line at[2].
  31. ^ a b Did Mozart really have TS? Tourette Syndrome Association Retrieved on 14 August 2002.
  32. ^ Davies, Peter J. (1993) Letter to the Editor. BMJ306: 521-522. Available on line at [3].
    * Karhausen, L. R. (1993) Letter to the Editor. BMJ306:522. Available on line at [4].
    * Karhausen, L. R. (1998) Weeding Mozart's medical history. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 91: 546-550. Available on line at [5].
  33. ^ Sacks O. Tourette's syndrome and creativity.BMJ. 1992 Dec 19-26;305(6868):1515–6.doi:10.1136/bmj.305.6868.1515 PMID 1286364
  34. ^ Ashoori A, Jankovic J. "Mozart's movements and behaviour: a case of Tourette's syndrome?" J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007 Nov;78(11):1171–5doi:10.1136/jnnp.2007.114520 PMID 17940168.
  35. ^ Packer, L. Famous People with Tourette's syndrome and/or Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. SchoolBehavior.com. Retrieved on 20 May 2006.
  36. ^ Link (2006:133)
  37. ^ Berke et al. (2007:69)

[edit]References

[edit]General

  • Abert, Hermann (2008) W. A. Mozart. Edited by Cliff Eisen and translated from the German by Stewart Spencer. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Anderson, Emily (1938) The Letters of Mozart and his Family. Macmillan.
  • Berke, Dietrich and Wolfgang Rehm (with collaboration of Miriam Pfadt) (2007) Die Neue Mozart-Ausgabe: Texte - Bilder - Chronik, 1955-2007. Kassel: Bärenreiter. Available on line: [6]
  • Dundes, Alan (1984) Life is like a Chicken Coop Ladder: Studies of German National Character through Folklore. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
  • Link, Dorothea (2006) "'È la fede degli amanti' and the Viennese operatic canon", in Simon Keefe, ed.,Mozart Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Mersmann, Hans, ed. (1972) Letters of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Dover Publications.
  • Mieder, Wolfgang (2003) "Now I Sit Like a Rabbit in the Pepper": Proverbial Language in the Letters of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Journal of Folklore Research 40: 33-70. Available on line at [7].
  • Shaffer, Peter (1981) Amadeus (fictional drama). Samuel French, Inc.
  • Schroeder, David P. (1999) Mozart in revolt: strategies of resistance, mischief, and deception. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-07542-1.
  • Solomon, Maynard (1996) Mozart: A Life. New York: Harper Perennial.
  • Spaethling, Robert (2000) Mozart's letters, Mozart's life: selected letters. New York; W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-04719-9.
  • Zaslaw, Neal, and William Cowdery (1990) The Compleat Mozart: a guide to the musical works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.

[edit]Tourette syndrome hypothesis

The following articles have advanced the theory that Mozart had Tourette syndrome:
  • Gunne, L.M. (1991) Hade Mozart Tourettes syndrom? Läkartidningen 88: 4325-4326. [cited in Kammer 1983]
  • Fog, R. (1995) Mozart’s bizarre verbal behavior: a case of Tourette syndrome? Maledicta 11:59-62. [cited in Kammer 1983]
  • Fog, R. and L. Regeur (1983) Did W.A. Mozart suffer from Tourette’s syndrome? World Congress of Psychiatry, Vienna. [cited in Kammer 1983]
  • Schaub, S. (1994) Mozart und das Tourette-Syndrom. Acta Mozartiana 41: 15-20. [cited in Kammer 1983]
  • Simkin, Benjamin (1992) Mozart's scatological disorder. BMJ 305: 1563-7. Available on line at[8].
The following articles direct criticism at the hypothesis:
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