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Ibn al-Abbâr

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Abbar

Abū Abd Allāh Muhammad ibn Al-Abbār o Abdallah ben Abderrahmán Ebn Alabar Alcodai (Valencia, al-Ándalus, 1199 - Túnez, 6 de enero de 1260) fue un poeta, historiador, diplomático, político y erudito valenciano de al-Ándalus, de la época árabe.

Índice

• 1 Biografía
• 2 Sus obras
• 3 Referencias
  • 3.1 Bibliografía
• 4 Enlaces externos

Biografía

Era originario de una influyente familia yemenita de Onda, ciudad de la Taifa de Valencia.
Durante su vida en Valencia fue un destacado poeta y brilló profesionalmente en la secretaría de los gobernadores de Valencia, hasta que, sitiada la ciudad por Jaime I, fue enviado a Túnez a pedir socorro al emir de los hafsíes de Túnez, Abu Zakariya, ante quien recitó una qasida famosa:

Abierto está el camino. A tus guerreros guía,
¡oh de los oprimidos constante valedor!
Auxilio te demanda la bella Andalucía;
la libertad espera de tu heroico valor...

Abū Abd Allāh Muhammad ibn Al-Abbār (traducción al castellano de Juan Valera)

Tras la conquista de Valencia por Jaime I, Ibn al-Abbar se instaló en Túnez, y siguió trabajando de forma destacada como secretario de cancillería, pero el emir al-Mustansir ordenó ejecutarle en 1260, quemando más tarde su cadáver junto a todos sus escritos.

Sus obras

Es considerado como uno de los escritores mas ilustres del siglo VI de la hégira.
Sus obras literarias más importantes, al Hulla al Siyara (La túnica recamada) y la Takmila, son una colección de biografías de los príncipes y magnates norteafricanos y andaluces, unas magníficas crónicas que documentan la historia medieval del islam occidental. Se distinguió también como poeta, especialmente por sus qasidas o poesías dedicadas a la pérdida de Balansiyya (Valencia) o la que describe las trágicas circunstancias por las que está pasando al-Ándalus en el siglo XIII.
Publicó: Historia de los poetas insignes españoles, insertando en ella sus selectas poesías. Le dio el título de Mannus Hospitii y está comprendida en códice 354 que menciona Casiri, tomo I, página 93
Habla también de este autor Conde en Historia de los árabes, tomo II, página 174 y tomo III, página 35.

Referencias

Bibliografía

El contenido de este artículo incorpora material del tomo 1 de la Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada Europeo-Americana (Espasa), cuya publicación fue anterior a 1934, por lo que se encuentra en el dominio público.

• Casiri, Bibliotheca Arábico- hispana (Madrid, 1760)
• Derembourg, Manuscrits árabes de l Escurial (París, 1884)

Enlaces externos

• Biografía de Ibn Al-Abbar

Categorías:

• Nacidos en 1199
• Fallecidos en 1260
• Historiadores de al-Ándalus
• Escritores de al-Ándalus
• Poetas de España en árabe
• Poetas de España del siglo XIII
• Historiadores de España del siglo XIII

Etimología de Árabe


 http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=arab&searchmode=none

Arab (n.)

late 14c. (Arabes, a plural form), from Old French Arabi, from Latin Arabs (accusative Arabem), from Greek Araps (genitive Arabos), from Arabic 'arab, indigenous name of the people, perhaps literally "inhabitant of the desert" and related to Hebrew arabha "desert." Meaning "homeless little wanderer, child of the street" is from 1848 (originally Arab of the city), in reference to nomadic ways. Arab League formed in Cairo, March 22, 1945.

Arabian

c.1300, adjective and noun; see Arab + -ian. As a prized type of horse, it is attested from 1660s. The Arabian bird was the phoenix.

Arabia

1711; see Arab + -ia. The older name for "the country of Arabia" was Araby (late 13c.).

arabesque (n.)

1610s, "Moorish or Arabic ornamental design," from French arabesque (16c.), from Italian arabesco, from Arabo "Arab," with reference to Moorish architecture. As a ballet pose, first attested 1830. Musical sense, in reference to an ornamented theme, is from 1864, originally the title given by Robert Schumann to one of his piano pieces.

Arabic (adj.)

early 14c., from Old French Arabique (13c.), from Latin Arabicus "Arabic" (see Arab). Old English used Arabisc "Arabish." Originally in reference to gum arabic; noun meaning "Arabic language" is from late 14c.

Arabic numerals (actually Indian) first attested 1727; they were introduced in Europe by Gerbert of Aurillac (later Pope Sylvester II) after a visit to Islamic Spain in 967-970. A prominent man of science, he taught in the diocesan school at Reims, but the numbers made little headway against conservative opposition in the Church until after the Crusades. The earliest depiction of them in English, in "The Crafte of Nombrynge" (c.1350) correctly identifies them as "teen figurys of Inde."

Mozarab (n.)

"assimilated Christian in Moorish Spain," one who was allowed to continue practicing his religion in exchange for political allegiance, from Spanish Mozarabe "would-be Arab," from Arabic mostarib, from a desiderative verbal form of Arab.

trucial (adj.)

1876, from truce + -ial. Trucial States, the pre-1971 name of the United Arab Emirates, is attested from 1891, in reference to the 1835 maritime truce between Britain and the Arab sheiks of Oman.

Averroes

Latinization of name of Ibn Rushd (1126-1198) Arab philosopher and physician of Spain and Morocco.

Baath

pan-Arab socialist party, founded by intellectuals in Syria in 1943, from Arabic ba't "resurrection, renaissance."

dhow (n.)

1799, original language unknown, "single-masted native vessel used on Arabian Sea," later widely applied to all Arab vessels. Klein suggests a relation to Persian dav "running."

Fatimid

Arab dynasty that ruled 908-1171 in North Africa and sometimes Egypt and Syria, from Fatima, daughter of Muhammad by his first wife, Khadija; Fatima married Ali, and from them the dynasty claimed descent.

oud (n.)

"lute or mandolin of Arab lands," 1738, from Arabic 'ud, literally "wood." Also cf. lute.

souk (n.)

Arab bazaar, 1826, from French souk, from Arabic suq "marketplace."

sheik (n.)

"head of an Arab family," also "head of a Muslim religious order," 1570s, from Arabic shaykh "chief," literally "old man," from base of shakha "to grow old." Popularized by "The Sheik," novel in Arabian setting by E.M. Hull (1919), and the movie version, "The Sheikh," 1921, starring Rudolph Valentino, which gave it a 1920s sense of "strong, romantic lover."

hakeem

1580s, physician in Arab countries, from Arabic hakim "wise," from stem of hakuma "he was wise;" whence also hakam "judge," hikmah "wisdom, science."

Johnny

pet form of masc. proper name John (see -y (3)). Used as a contemptuous or humorous designation for some class or group of men from 1670s (e.g. the typical name in the North and the Northern armies for a Confederate soldier during the American Civil War). In the Mediterranean, it was a typical name for an Englishman by c.1800; in the Crimean War, it became the typical name among the English for "a Turk," later extended to "an Arab" (who by World War II were using it in turn as the typical name for "a British man"). Johnny-come-lately first attested 1839.

algebra (n.)

1550s, from Medieval Latin algebra, from Arabic al jebr "reunion of broken parts," as in computation, used 9c. by Baghdad mathematician Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi as the title of his famous treatise on equations ("Kitab al-Jabr w'al-Muqabala" "Rules of Reintegration and Reduction"), which also introduced Arabic numerals to the West. The accent shifted 17c. from second syllable to first. The word was used in English 15c.-16c. to mean "bone-setting," probably from Arab medical men in Spain.

borage (n.)

flowering plant used in salads, mid-13c., from Anglo-French, Old French borage (13c., Modern French bourrache), from Medieval Latin borrago. Klein says this is ultimately from Arabic abu arak, literally "the father of sweat," so called by Arab physicians for its effect on humans. But OED says it's from Latin borra "rough hair, short wool," in reference to the texture of the foliage.

Semite (n.)

1847, "a Jew, Arab, Assyrian, or Aramaean" (an apparently isolated use from 1797 refers to the Semitic language group), back-formation from Semitic or else from French Sémite (1845), from Modern Latin Semita, from Late Latin Sem "Shem," one of the three sons of Noah (Gen. x:21-30), regarded as the ancestor of the Semites (in old Bible-based anthropology), from Hebrew Shem. In modern sense said to have been first used by German historian August Schlözer in 1781.

talc (n.)

1580s, talke, from Middle French talc (16c.), probably from Spanish talco and Medieval Latin talcus, also talcum "talc" (ealy 14c.), both from Arabic talq, from Persian talk "talc." "It was applied by the Arab and medieval writers to various transparent, translucent and shining minerals such as talc proper, mica, selenite, etc." [Flood]. Related: Talcoid; talcose; talcous.

almagest (n.)

late 14c., title of a treatise on astronomy by Claudius Ptolemy of Alexandria, extended in Middle English to other works on astrology or astronomy, from Old French almageste (13c.), from Arabic al majisti, from al "the" + Greek megiste "the greatest (composition)," from fem. of megistos, superlative of megas "great" (see mickle). Originally titled in Greek Megale syntaxis tes astronomios "Great Work on Astronomy;" Arab translators in their admiration altered this.

insoluble (adj.)

late 14c., "unable to be loosened," from Latin insolubilis "that cannot be loosened," from in- "not" (see in- (1)) + solubilis (see soluble). Figurative use, of problems, etc., is from late 14c.

It was a tacit conviction of the learned during the Middle Ages that no such thing as an insoluble question existed. There might be matters that presented serious difficulties, but if you could lay them before the right man -- some Arab in Spain, for instance, omniscient by reason of studies into the details of which it was better not to inquire -- he would give you a conclusive answer. The real trouble was only to find your man. [Gertrude Bell, "The Desert and the Sown," 1907]

ariel

1382, in the Wyclif Bible, a word taken untranslated from the Vulgate, from Greek ariel (Sept.), from Hebrew ariel; in later Bibles, translated as "altar."

(Gesenius would here translate "fire-hearth of God," after Arab. arr; elsewhere in O.T. the same word occurs as a man's name, and appellation of Jerusalem, where it is taken as = "lion of God.") Ariel in T. Heywood and Milton is the name of an angel, in Shakespeare of "an Ayrie spirit"; in Astron. of one of the satellites of Uranus. [OED]

As the name of a species of gazelle found in the Middle East, 1832, from Arabic aryil, variant of ayyil "stag."

morris dance (n.)

mid-15c., moreys daunce "Moorish dance," from Flemish mooriske dans, from Old French morois "Moorish, Arab, black," from More "Moor" (see Moor). Unknown why the English dance was called this, unless in reference to fantastic dancing or costumes (cf. Italian Moresco, a related dance, literally "Moorish;" German moriskentanz, French moresque).

Saracen (n.)

Old English, "an Arab" (in Greek and Roman translations), also, mid-13c., generally, "non-Christian, heathen, pagan," from Old French saracin, from Late Latin saracenus, from Greek sarakenos, usually said to be from Arabic sharquiyin, accusative plural of sharqiy "eastern," from sharq "east, sunrise," but this is not certain. In medieval times the name was associated with that of Biblical Sarah (q.v.).

Peple þat cleped hem self Saracenys, as þogh þey were i-come of Sarra [John of Trevisa, translation of Higdon's Polychronicon, 1387]

The name Greeks and Romans gave to the nomads of the Syrian and Arabian deserts. Specific sense of "Middle Eastern Muslim" is from the Crusades. From c.1300 as an adjective. Related: Saracenic; and cf. sarsen.

orange (n.)

c.1300, of the fruit, from Old French orange, orenge (12c., Modern French orange), from Medieval Latin pomum de orenge, from Italian arancia, originally narancia (Venetian naranza), alteration of Arabic naranj, from Persian narang, from Sanskrit naranga-s "orange tree," of uncertain origin. Not used as a color word until 1540s.

Loss of initial n- probably due to confusion with definite article (e.g. une narange, una narancia), but perhaps influenced by French or "gold." The name of the town of Orange in France (see Orangemen) perhaps was deformed by the name of the fruit. Orange juice is attested from 1723.

The tree's original range probably was northern India. The Persian orange, grown widely in southern Europe after its introduction in Italy 11c., was bitter; sweet oranges were brought to Europe 15c. from India by Portuguese traders and quickly displaced the bitter variety, but only Modern Greek still seems to distinguish the bitter (nerantzi) from the sweet (portokali "Portuguese") orange. Portuguese, Spanish, Arab, and Dutch sailors planted citrus trees along trade routes to prevent scurvy. On his second voyage in 1493, Christopher Columbus brought the seeds of oranges, lemons and citrons to Haiti and the Caribbean. Introduced in Florida (along with lemons) in 1513 by Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leon. Introduced to Hawaii 1792.

typhoon (n.)

Tiphon "violent storm, whirlwind, tornado," 1550s, from Greek typhon "whirlwind," personified as a giant, father of the winds, perhaps from typhein "to smoke" (cf. typhus). The meaning "cyclone, violent hurricane of India or the China Seas" (1580s) is first recorded in T. Hickock's translation of an account in Italian of a voyage to the East Indies by Caesar Frederick, a merchant of Venice:

concerning which Touffon ye are to vnderstand, that in the East Indies often times, there are not stormes as in other countreys; but euery 10. or 12. yeeres there are such tempests and stormes, that it is a thing incredible, but to those that haue seene it, neither do they know certainly what yeere they wil come. ["The voyage and trauell of M. Caesar Fredericke, Marchant of Venice, into the East India, and beyond the Indies"]

This sense of the word, in reference to titanic storms in the East Indies, first appears in Europe in Portuguese in the mid-16th century. It aparently is from tufan, a word in Arabic, Persian, and Hindi meaning "big cyclonic storm." Yule ["Hobson-Jobson," London, 1903] writes that "the probability is that Vasco [da Gama] and his followers got the tufao ... direct from the Arab pilots."

The Arabic word sometimes is said to be from Greek typhon, but other sources consider it purely Semitic, though the Greek word might have influenced the form of the word in English. Al-tufan occurs several times in the Koran for "a flood or storm" and also for Noah's Flood. Chinese (Cantonese) tai fung "a great wind" also might have influenced the form or sense of the word in English, and that term and the Indian one may have had some mutual influence; toofan still means "big storm" in India.